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Muhammad Mahfuz shaheed

 

Muhammad Mahfuz shaheed

EARTY LIFE

Muhammad Mahfuz shaheed was born on 25 Oct 1944 in pind Malikan (known as Mahuzabad in his honour) in Islamabad. Rawalpindi, Punjab. He received his early education from his village. He joined "Pak Army" on 25 Oct 1962 as infantry soldier.

DEATH

He took part in Indo-Indo-Pak war of 1971 at Wagah Attari. At night of 17 Dec 1971, one company of 15 Punjab was order to attack Kangi pull inside enemy territory. During attack, a bomb exploded near L.N M.  Mahfuz, which badly injured him and his machine gun was also become out of order. He crawled in a nearby trench of a martyr firer and got hold of his machine gun and started firing. Meanwhile, he noticed that an enemy machine gun was effectively engaging Pak troops. M. Mahfuz crawled towards the enemy trench and on reaching he caught the enemy fairer from his neck and pushed him to death meanwhile two other enemy soldiers kept on stabbing him with their bayonets. L.N M. Mahfuz got badly injured and embraced shahadat, however his clutches never left the neck of his adversary, which was later freed with a great effort.  

AWARDS

He awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, the highest military award of Pakistan.

 

Buried place

 He was Buried in his villages pind Mulikan in Islamabad Pakistan.

 

Written by Amna Tahir 9A HSPR

Havaldar Lalak Jan

 

Havaldar Lalak Jan

Havaldar Lalak Jan was born on 1 April 1967 at Yasin, in the Ghizer District, of Gilgit Baltistan. After completing his education, he joined the Pakistan army on 10 December 1984 and eventually rose up to the rank of Havaldar. He was a soldier of the Pakistan Army belonging to the Northern Light infantry regiment. He was killed in action during the Kargil war. For his bravery, he was awarded with Pakistan's highest military gallantry award, nishan-e-Haider. Lalak Jan hailed from Yasin valley village named Hundur district Ghizer Gilgit Baltistan province of Pakistan. Lalak Jan was buried in his native town in Hundur, Yasin Valley, in the Ghizer District, of Gilgit-Baltistan. Every year officials from Pakistani Government, Pakistan Armed Forces and other locals visit the tomb to offer prayer and lay floral wealth.

 

Written by Zarah Naveed 9A HSPR

Rashid Minhas

 

Rashid Minhas

Rashid Minhas was born on 17 February 1951, at Karachi to a Muslim Rajput family of the Minhas clan. Rashid Minhas spent his early childhood in Karachi. Later, the family shifted to Rawalpindi. Minhas had his early education from St Mary's Cambridge School Rawalpindi. Later his family shifted back to Karachi. Minhas was fascinated with aviation history and technology. He used to collect different models of aircraft and jets. He also attended St Patrick's High School, Karachi.

Education

He passed and qualified for his Senior Cambridge examination and performed well while finishing the O-level and A-level qualifications from the St. Patrick's High School in Karachi. His father, Majeed Minhas, wanted his son, Rashid, to follow his step by attending the engineering university and strongly desired for his son to gain a degree in engineering after finishing his high schooling in Karachi. Against the wishes of his father, Rashid entered in the PAF School in Lower Topa in 1968, the Air Force's officer candidate school, and forwarded towards completing his military training at the Pakistan Air Force Academy in 1969.

Career

Rashid Minhas was a military officer in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF). Minhas was the only PAF officer to receive the highest valour award, the Nishan-e-Haider. He was also the youngest person and the shortest-serving officer to have received this award.

Death

Minhas's Pakistan military citation for the Nishan-E-Haider states that he "forced the aircraft to crash" in order to prevent Rahman from taking the jet to India.[9] This is the official, popular and widely known version of how Minhas died. Yawar A. Mazhar, a writer for Pakistan Military Consortium, relayed in 2004 that he spoke to retired PAF Group Captain Cecil Chaudhry about Minhas, and that he learned more details not generally known to the public. According to Mazhar, Chaudhry led the immediate task of investigating the wreckage and writing the accident report. Chaudhry told Mazhar that he found the jet had hit the ground nose first, instantly killing Minhas in the front seat. Rahman's body, however, was not in the jet and the canopy was missing. Chaudhry searched the area and saw Rahman's body some distance behind the jet, the body found with severe abrasions from hitting the sand at a low angle and a high speed. Chaudhry thought that Minhas probably jettisoned the canopy at low altitude causing Rahman to be thrown from the cockpit because he was not strapped in. Chaudhry felt that the jet was too close to the ground at that time, too far out of control for Minhas to be able to prevent the crash.

Legacy

After his death, Minhas was honoured as a national hero. In his memory the Pakistan Air Force base at Kamra was renamed PAF Base Minhas, often called Minhas-Kamra. In Karachi he was honoured by the naming of a main road, 'Rashid Minhas Road. A two-rupee postage stamp bearing his image was issued by Pakistan Post in December 2003; 500,000 were printed.  

 

Written By: Rameen Tahir  9A HSPR

Major Akram Saheed

 

Major Akram Shaheed

Importance of Major Akram shaheed

Major Muhammad Akram embraced martoydaom during this epic battle on 5 December 1971 major Akram shaheed was posthumously awarded the highest military award Nishan Haider for his valiant a d courageous Acts against the enemy.

Early life

Muhammad akram belongs to ding a Small city in Gujrat district he belongs to Malik Awam family. He was born on 4April 1938. He was a military brat and his fathers. Malik Muhammad was an enlisted personally in the British army who later retired as a havildar an army segment in the Pakistan army.

Education

Muhammad was an enlisted personal in the British army after securing’s his graduations from a local middle school In Nacka Kalan: Akram mental to join the military college Jhelum a roct an army cos in Jhelum Punjab.

Career

Born on 4 April in 1938 in Gujrat. Major Akram shaheed initially joined Pakistan army and non-commission officer and later was promoted as 2 Ltd in frontier force regiment he participated in 1965 India Pak September war as a captain where he led several successfully military operation against the Indian Army.

Written by: Samanah Hassan 9A HSPR

Importance of Oceans Grade 8

 Q. Why we need to save our oceans?

What is Development – A Definitive Guide

The word ‘development’ is widely used to refer to a specified state of advancement or growth. It could also be used to describe a new and advanced idea or product; or an event that constitutes a new stage under changing circumstances.

Generally, the term development describes good change. But how do you tell which change is good?

In this regard, researchers explain three ways that the term ‘development’ is used:

Development as a vision:
Here, the term is used to describe how desirable a society or a region is, possibly with regard to what it can become

Development as a historical process:
This refers to social change that occurs over extended periods of time due to inevitable processes. For instance, it is widely believed that both communism and capitalism are an inevitable outcome of progress.

Development as action:
This refers to deliberate action to change things for the better, as with providing aid to alleviate hunger

All of these are definitions of development, but when it comes to distinguishing between nations that are more developed than others, or when describing some other international aspect, usually more meaning is implied in the word.

So, how do you tell what country is more/less developed than the other?

In terms of wealth, it is perhaps easier to identify countries that are richer or poorer than others. However, the typical indicators of wealth only reflect the amount of resources available to a specific society.

They don’t offer any details about the allocation of said resources, like information about the equitable distribution of income among different social groups; or about the shares of resources used to offer free education and health services; or even about the effects of production and consumption on the environment.

This is one of the biggest reasons why nations with similar average incomes differ widely with regard to their population’s quality of life, employment opportunities, education and health care, the availability of clean air and safe drinking water, and the threat of crime, among other factors.

To expand on the context of development here is a look at the goals/means of development, as well as what it means to achieve sustainable development.

A. Goals and Means of Development

Each country has its own unique set of priorities in their development policies. So, in order to compare the development levels of two or more nations, you must first, identify your own markers for achievement.

Your own indicators for measuring this achievement can then be used to assess countries’ relative progress in development.

But what markers should you use? Perhaps:

• Increase in national wealth
• Improved well-being of a large percentage of the population
• Exercise of freedom
• Increased economic security

According to the United Nations, good indicators of national achievement should evaluate “human development” with regard to:

• Life expectancy
• Adult literacy
• Access to all three levels of education
• Average income

So, the UN considers human development an all-encompassing component that incorporates multiple elements of an individual’s well-being, from their health status to their economic and political freedom.

Is economic growth always positive?

It is a fact that economic growth that increases a country’s total wealth also augments its capacity for reducing poverty and addressing other social problems. However, there are some examples in history where economic growth did not foster similar progress in human development.

In fact, growth was gained by compromising on equality, employment, democracy, cultural identity, and consumption of natural resources necessary for future generations. So, while growth was achieved, all these other elements were adversely affected.

With a deeper understanding of the links between economic prosperity and the growth of social and environmental factors, it is now widely acknowledged by experts and economists that this kind of growth is not sustainable, and must be transformed.

If social/human and environmental losses due to economic growth are observed to be greater than the economic merits (in terms of higher incomes by the majority of the population), the general result for people’s wellbeing tends to become negative. This kind of economic growth, therefore, becomes hard to sustain politically.

Economic growth is inevitably dependent on its natural and human/social conditions. For it to be sustainable, it must be dependent on a specific quantity of natural resources and services provided by nature, such as resource generation, pollution, and absorption.

Economic growth also needs to be constantly fed on the fruits of human development, such as a more qualified workforce with the capacity to innovate along technological and managerial lines for optimized use of their time; more favorable conditions for the growth of new businesses; more and better jobs; and greater democracy at different levels of decision-making.

On the other hand, slow human development can adversely affect, and possibly bring to a halt, fast economic growth.

The Human Development Report published in 1996 claims that not a single nation in the period between 1960 and 1992 was able to move from asymmetrical development characterized by slow human development and rapid growth to an ideal scenario where human development and growth could be mutually reinforcing.

According to the report, slower economic growth preceded slower human development: a pattern that was labeled a “dead end”.

B. Sustainable Development

This is a popular term among politicians across the globe, though it may have multiple interpretations depending on the audience.

Though sustainable development is critical, its concept has yet to be fully defined, as is evident from the constant revisions, extensions, and refinements of the term.

The only certainty about the term is that sustainable development entails relationships among these key components: social, economic, and environmental factors.

The United Nations World Commission on Environment Development argues that development can only be considered sustainable if it addresses the needs of the present without endangering the capabilities of future generations to meet their own needs.

Experts argue that it is impossible to achieve this ‘intergenerational’ equity without present-day social equity, especially if some economic groups continue to endanger the wellbeing of other segments of the population across the globe. For instance:

Example 1:

The greenhouse gasses emitted largely by the highly industrialized countries cause global warming, change in climate, and devastating floods in low-lying islands, resulting in the displacement and impoverishment of massive populations.

Example 2:

Pharmaceutical companies continue to enjoy massive profits at the expense of millions of disadvantaged people who cannot afford the highly priced medications needed to treat their life-threatening diseases.

Sustainable Development = Equitable + Balanced

For there to be sustainable development, equitability and balance must be put into account.

In other words, the only way development can be continual in perpetuity is if it creates a balance between the interests of different groups of people within the same generation and among generations.

Another condition that must be met is that the equitability and balance be attained simultaneously in three primary interrelated areas: social, economic, and environmental.

As such, sustainable development can be defined as the equality of opportunities for well-being. It needs the consideration of certain objectives that if ignored, can slow down or even reverse development in other areas.

The objectives of sustainable development fall in three categories:

Social objectives: These include education, security, equity, full employment, health, cultural identity, and participation, among others

Economic objectives: These include growth, stability, and efficiency, among others

Environmental objectives: These include a healthy environment for human beings, the conservation of nonrenewable natural resources, the rational use of renewable natural resources, etc.

The diversity of these objectives makes it a great challenge for any nation to attain perfect balance. For instance, can you justify a country that prioritizes national security over economic growth (income and employment) and environment sustainability?

Although there is no definite, scientific method of performing such comparisons and valuations, governments are faced with such decisions regularly.

For democratic republics, where decisions are made depending on the interests of the majority, then they must be made in the most participatory way possible.

But even then, there is no guarantee that the long-term interests of children and the next generation will be accounted for because minors and future generations cannot cast a vote for themselves.

To ensure that future generations inherit the needed conditions to sufficiently provide for their own wellbeing, present-day values must be informed enough to reflect their interests as well.

The necessary conditions for sustainable development

One of the biggest challenges for equity and balance is the fact that the world today is somewhat interdependent, and many aspects of sustainable development are global.

So, on the one hand, many decisions taken at the local or national level have international consequences – social, economical, and environmental. In the event that these consequences are adverse, the situation is referred to as “exporting unsustainability”.

On the other hand, national policies are seldom adequate to effectively address the many challenges of sustainability. As such, it becomes indispensable for the international cooperation on an array of transboundary and global challenges of sustainable development.

When it comes to achieving sustainable development, one of the biggest problems, possibly the biggest, is eradicating extreme poverty – both at the national and international level.

This is because poverty is in itself an evil, plus it blocks or inhibits the achievement of most of the other goals of development, from personal freedom to a clean environment.

Another closely related global problem is establishing and preserving peace in all nations and regions. Poverty and war are essentially destructive of all social, economic, and environmental goals of development.

The 1992 Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (alternatively referred to as the UN Conference on Environment and Development) arrived at the following conclusion:

Humans are at the core of concern for sustainable development. They’re entitled to a productive and healthy life in harmony with nature.

So, sustainable development can be described as the fulfillment of the long-term conditions necessary for human being’s multidimensional well-being.

Final Note

Development Diamonds versus The Human Development Index
When comparing the development of different countries, the most common approach examines the GNP (or GDP) per capita.

But as already discussed above, higher per capita income does not necessarily mean that its population is better off than those in a nation with lower income, because there are numerous aspects of human well-being that are not accounted for in these indicators.

So, the World Bank uses development diamonds to illustrate relationships among four socioeconomic indicators for a given country, relative to the averages for that country’s income group (high-income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income, and low-income).

These are:

• Gross primary or secondary education enrollment
• Life expectancy at birth
• Access to safe water
• GNP per capita

These aspects are presented, one on each axis and then connected with bold lines to form a polygon.

The resulting “diamond” shape can then be used for comparison purposes. This system, however, makes it hard to compare development achievements in countries with different income groups.

So, UN experts prefer to use the human development index (HDI), which is a simple average of three indexes identifying a nation’s achievements in:

Health and longevity (based on life expectancy at birth)

Education (based on adult literacy and combined primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollments)

Living standard (based on GDP per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP))

According to the UN, achievement in each area is determined by assessing to what extent each country has achieved these goals:

Life expectancy of 85 years

100 percent adult literacy and enrollments

Real GDP per capita of $40,000 in PPP

No country is yet to attain any of these goals, so the parameters are expressed as decimals or fractions of the ideal. The one problem with the HDI system is that it does not allow one to make judgment relative to its different components, or understand why a nation’s index changes over time.

But compared to the development diamond approach, the human development index is much better since it allows for countries to be ranked in order of their achievements in human development.

For more detailed analysis, the UNDP uses the human poverty index (HPI) to identify the proportion of people deprived of the opportunity to reach a certain basic level in each area.

So, whilst the HDI represents development achievements for the average citizen, the HPI helps to identify how evenly the benefits of development are spread within a country. A higher HPI indicates a greater level of deprivation, which translates to a higher level of poverty.

https://www.mdgmonitor.org/what-is-development-guide/