(Amna’s work)
Introduction
Song
In music, a song
is a composition for voice or voices, performed by singing. A song may be
accompanied by musical instruments, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case
of a cappella songs. The lyrics (words) of songs are typically of a poetic,
rhyming nature, though they may be religious verses or free prose.
A song may be
for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices.
Songs with more than one voice to a part are considered choral works. Songs can
be broadly divided into many different forms, depending on the criteria used.
One division is between "art
songs", "pop songs", and "folk songs". Other
common methods of classification are by purpose (sacred vs. secular), by style
(dance, ballad, Lied, etc.), or by time of origin (Renaissance, Contemporary,
etc.).
A song is a
piece of music for accompanied or unaccompanied voice or voices or, "the act or art of singing,"
but the term is generally not used for large vocal forms including opera and
oratorio. However, the term is, "often
found in various figurative and transferred senses (e.g. for the lyrical second
subject of a sonata...)."
Art songs
Art songs are
songs created for performance in their own right, usually with piano
accompaniment, although they can also have other types of accompaniment such as
an orchestra or string quartet, and are always notated. Generally they have an
identified author(s) and composer and require voice training for acceptable
performances.
Folk songs
Folk songs are
songs of often anonymous origin (or are public domain) that are transmitted
orally. They are frequently a major aspect of national or cultural identity.
Art songs often approach the status of folk songs when people forget who the
author was.
Popular songs
Modern popular
songs are typically distributed as recordings, and are played on the radio,
though all other mass media that have audio capabilities are involved. Their
relative popularity is inferred from commercially significant sales of
recordings, ratings of stations and networks that play them, and ticket sales
for concerts by the recording artists.
Gender
Gender is a set of characteristics
distinguishing between male and female,
particularly in the cases of men and women.
Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from sex to social role to gender
identity. Some cultures have specific gender-related social roles that can be
considered distinct from male and female, such as the hijra of India and Pakistan .
While the social sciences sometimes
approach gender as a social construct, and gender
studies particularly do, research
in the natural sciences investigates whether biological differences in males and females influence the
development of gender in humans; both inform debate about how far biological
differences influence gender identity formation.
Gender roles
Gender roles refer to the set of social and
behavioral norms that are considered to be socially
appropriate for individuals of a specific sex in the context of a specific culture,
which differ widely between cultures and over time. There are differences of
opinion as to whether observed gender differences in behavior and personality
characteristics are, at least in part, due to cultural or social factors, and
therefore, the product of socialization experiences, or to what extent gender
differences are due to biological and psychological differences.
Language
Urdu
Urdu is a register of the Hindustani language identified with South Asian Muslims. It is the national language, lingua franca, and one of the two official languages of Pakistan (the other being English). It is also largely spoken in
some regions of India ,
where it is one of the 22
scheduled languages and an
official language of five states. Based on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi ,
Urdu developed under local, Persian, Arabic, and Turkic influence over the course of almost
900 years. It began to take shape
in what is now Uttar Pradesh , India
Punjabi
Punjabi or
Panjabi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region (north western India and in Pakistan ). For
Sikhs, the Punjabi language stands as the official language in which all
ceremonies take place. Punjabi is the most spoken language in Pakistan .
Punjabi language
has many different dialects, spoken in the different sub-regions of greater Punjab . The Majhi dialect is Punjabi's prestige dialect.
This dialect is considered as textbook Punjabi and is spoken in the historical
region of Majha, centralizing in Lahore
and Amritsar .
Punjabi emerged
as an independent language in the 11th century. The Punjabi literary tradition
is popularly seen to commence with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (Baba Farid)
(1173–1266), many ancient Sufi mystics and later Guru Nanak Dev ji, the first
Guru of Sikhism. The early Punjabi literature was principally spiritual in
nature and has had a very rich oral tradition. The poetry written by Sufi
saints has been the folklore of the Punjab and
is still sung with great love in any part of Punjab .
The famous Punjabi writers from Pakistan
include:
- Shareef Kunjahi
- Mir Tanha Yousafi
- Sanawar Chadhar
- Abid Tamimi
- Anwar Masood
- Afzal Ahsan Randhawa
- Aatish
- Shaista Nuzhat
(Zumra’s work)
Literature Review
Culture of Pakistan
Hierarchical
Society:
Position of men in Pakistani
Society:
Dr. Rakhshinda
Perveen writes in article “Gender In Pakistan
The constitution of Islamic Republic
of Pakistan Pakistan
While in another
article “Political and Economic Constraints in Women Empowerment in Pakhtoon
Society of the North West
Frontier Province Pakistan April 1, 2011 :
Women empowerment is a compulsory element and a
pre-request both for communal and national development because female constitutes
almost half of the population. Especially in Third World
in general and in a country like Pakistan
Media Portrayals of Men and
Masculinity:
For several decades now, media critics and
feminists alike have been examining the role of the media in creating and
reinforcing stereotypical representations of women and femininity. But only
recently have they expanded the research to consider how the media also
construct, inform and reinforce prevalent ideas about men and masculinity.
How does the Media Outline
Masculinity:
Family members, friends, society and media
all play a vital role in helping boys define what it means to be a man.
Mainstream media representations have set reinforcing ideas about how to be a
"real" man in our society. In most media portrayals, male characters
are rewarded not only for self-control but to control others as well, aggressive
and violent, financial independence, and physical attractive.
In Tough Guise:
Violence, Media and the Crisis in Masculinity, Jackson Katz and Jeremy Earp argue that:
“The media provide an important perspective on social
attitudes—and that while the media are not the cause of violent behavior in men
and boys, they do portray male violence as a normal expression of masculinity.”
Common Stereotypes of Men in Media:
Various media analysts and researchers
claim that media portrayals of male characters fall in category of “stereotypes”.
The report “Boys to Men: Media Messages About Masculinity”, identifies
the most popular stereotypes of male characters are:
1. The Strong Silent Type: This
stereotype reinforces the assumption that men and boys should always be in
control, and that talking about one’s feelings is a sign of weakness. It focuses on "being in charge, acting decisively, containing emotion, and
succeeding with women."
2.
The Big Shot: This stereotype recommends that a real man must be
economically powerful as well as socially successful. He is defined by his professional status. He is the "epitome of
success, embodying the characteristics and acquiring the possessions that
society deems valuable."
3. The Action Hero is "strong, but not necessarily silent.” He
is often angry. Above all, he is quite aggressive and, over the past several
decades, increasingly “engages in violent
behavior.”
(Anumm’s work)
The history of the teaching of human female inferiority in
Darwinism:
First published: Technical Journal (now Journal of Creation)
14(1):117–126
April 2000 by Jerry Bergman
April 2000 by Jerry Bergman
According to Charles Darwin, inferior animals are more likely to become
extinct while the superior ones are more likely to thrive. In this concept, the
central mechanism of evolution is survival of the fittest. The racism that this
idea has produced has now been both well-documented and taught that women were both
biologically and intellectually inferior to men.
Reasons for Inferiority widely publicized.2
Less widely known is the fact that many evolutionists, including Darwin ,
According to Darwinian theory, women were less evolved than
men, and because of their smaller brains, they were “eternally primitive,”
childlike, less spiritual, more materialistic, and “a real danger to
contemporary civilization.”. The supposed intelligence gap that many
leading Darwinists believed existed between human males and females was so
large that some leading Darwinists classified them as two distinct
species—males as Homo frontalis and females as Homo parietalis.The
differences were so great that Darwin
Reasons for male
superiority included the conclusion that war and hunting pruned the weaker men,
allowing only the most fit to return home and reproduce. Women, in contrast,
were not subject to these selection pressures but were protected by men,
allowing the weak to survive.
It is a book for those who don't just love rock music, but
who also love to think about it. The book's subtitle, "Gender, Rebellion,
and Rock 'n' Roll" might seem to presage serious windiness. Yet the book
is written, well-researched (complete
with footnotes and a helpful bibliography) and covers a very wide array of
musicians. Best of all, the book is an entertaining way to bring yourself up to
speed on many of rock's current upstarts.
Gender is at the core of rock. In this music (historically
created by males), the tension of love, lust, and hate between the sexes is a
central issue. In addition, rock, from its setting up, has challenged the
validity of culturally imposed sex roles. Journalists
Reynolds (Melody Maker, New York Times) and Press (Spin, Village Voice)
address these issues determinedly and knowledgeably. Methodizing gender motifs
within male-created rock, they contrast a snarling misogyny (e.g., the Rolling
Stones) with an awe-captured, oceanic mother-worship (e.g., Pink Floyd).
Especially provocative is the authors' classification of role imagery among
female rockers. As Robert Walser's excellent Running with the Devil: Power,
Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (LJ 5/1/93 ) considers only the metal subgenre,
Revolts emerges as the only complete analysis of gender in rock music. The
writing is intelligent, evocative, and engaging, rich in thought without
becoming ponderous. Even those readers who question the authors' frightened
paradigms will find this an authoritative, comprehensive history of rock.
Copyright 1995 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title
Copyright 1995 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title
Attempting to focus on rock 'n' roll's underlying
misogynies, freelance critics Reynolds
and Press claim that: “ two distinct
male characters dominate the genre: the angry rebel and the sensitive mama's
boy. They argue that the rebel image, exemplified by groups like the Rolling
Stones and Throbbing Gristle, blames mothers for the degenerate youth culture
and incites negative, if not violent, portrayals of women. Opposite such groups are those who bring
the rebel full circle: dreampop, ambient and noise artists like My Bloody
Valentine who have revived psychedelia's romanticism. Left stranded, then, are
women who have had to find their place among these two male forces. While Patti
Smith and Kate Bush have turned to males as role models, Kristin Hersh and
Courtney Love have formulated their own brand of music”.
Yet the authors speak less about how women have dealt with
the misogyny, spending more space defining the rebel and boy personas in this
clinical analysis.
Copyright 1995 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
Copyright 1995 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
Working in the United States,
Talcott
Parsons developed a model of the nuclear
family in 1955. (At that place and time, the nuclear family to be
the prevalent family structure.) It compared a strictly traditional view of
gender roles (from an industrial-age American perspective) to a more liberal
view.
Parsons believed
that: “the feminine role was an
expressive one, whereas the masculine role, in his view, was instrumental. He
believed that expressive activities of the woman fulfill 'internal' functions,
for example to strengthen the ties between members of the family. The man, on
the other hand, performed the 'external' functions of a family, such as
providing monetary support”
L. KOHLBERG, A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis of Children’s Sex Role
Concepts and Attitudes, in The Development of Sex Differences, ed E. E. MACCOBY . Tavistock London 1967 shows a research that:
A study based on 110 present-day
societies shows that from the fourth year of age children are pressurized into
their future adult role in society. In most societies (85%) achievement and
self-reliance are virtues exclusively held out to boys. Girls are educated towards
nurturance (82%) and responsibility (61%). The values thus inculcated by
society become part of the myth by which man and woman judge their own
characteristics and task in society.
(Tabinda, Madiha and Tehmeena’s work)
Data analysis:
Media is a
powerful way of presenting, projecting and promoting the values and norms of a
specific culture. When we specifically talk about songs, we can easily find
that songs also cultural specific medium. In our Pakistani song we observe a
clear phenomenon about the gender based divisions of roles and attitudes. For
our project we have selected two Pakistani songs, one is a love song and the
other is a national songs.
The first song
is a national song “Ay Puttar Hattan Tay Nai Wikday”, this song
has been sung by a Pakistani legend Malka-e-taranum Noor Jahan. Basic
content of this song is based on the importance of “man” generally from
different aspects and specifically as a soldier of Pakistani Arm Forces. This
is a Panjabi song.
The title of our
second selected song is “Roothe
Ho Tum Tumko”, lyrics contributed by
Rabia mudassar and has been
sung by a Pakistani famous artist Nayyara Noor. Mainly it is a love song
in which a wife is trying to get the attention of her husband. Her husband is
angry with her and she is trying to get forgiveness from him.
“Aay putter hattan tay nahi wikday” the very
first line of the song shows man’s value and significance. The word “Putter” is
a Panjabi word and it has many connotations as it is used for a son who has a
lot of Qualities like a person who supports, protects and look after his the
family.
Ay
Shair, Bahadur, Ghazi nay,
inna
doshmanaan koloon ki darna,
Ay moat
koloon vi dardy nahi,
These lines
shows the chivalrous qualities of a man, all the adjectives are shows power of
masculinity. The word “shair” is an animal; lion who is a king of jungle, a one
who controls all other animals. Lion is a symbol of kingship, courage, and
headship. “Bahadur” means brave a one who never has any kind of fear in his
heart as the very next line explains, “Ay kisay koloon vi harday nahi”.
Ay
apnay dais di izzat toon
Jaan
apni danday waar kurray,
Man is presented
here as only gender that is so dependable, accountable and responsible for the
defense of a country. In this song this concept has been presented the man are
the only force that can save a nation in its hard times like wars. They are
more then enough courageous even to sacrifices there life for the honor of
there country.
Ay
aidha sasta maal ni,
kithoon
ja k mang liyayee neee,
Ay
soda nakat bhi nahi milda,
tu
labhdi pirean udhaar kurray,
These lines are
showing the worth and value of male gender, Sons are priceless, not possible to
buy even with money or any ting else. This song enforces this stereotype that
not only sons are important but also women who have sons. It is a very common
gender biased concept present in our society that having son is consider to
honor for mother as
taan bhaag nay unhaan Mawaan day,
jinnan
mawaan day ay jaey nay,
Sisters are also
admirable and respectable because of having brothers. Here male gender is also presented as a one
who is always a source of respect as
having son gives respect to a mother, having brother award a sister and even
more having a husband is an aspect which can higher the status of a woman. As
the lyrics
Tan
bhaag nay bahan parawan day,
jinhaan
godiyaan veer khidae naay,
Ay
maan nay manaaan waliyaan day,
Nahi
iasdi tenoon khaar kurray,
So in these
lyrics male are depicted a the one in fairy tales, an imaginative figure who
has the power to change any thing in gold by just touching that thing. Here
this concept is taken as being associated with a man makes a woman precious and
valuable like gold or even more than this. Married woman is like a reason of
jealousy for otherfemales who do not have, like this line shows as
Ay
maan nay manaaan waliyaan day,
Nahi
iasdi tenoon khaar kurray,
Here the word “khaar”
gives the meaning of jealousy and the word “maan” means a one with whom we have
associated our all hopes and wishes. Females considered their husband
specifically as their only savior and the one who protect them from outer
forces and social circumstances. This
presents a male sketch that retains the stereotype of masculine traits of
strength and protection of a muscular and handsome man who can do no harm to
the innocent making him a morally responsible character.
The other song which we
have selected is “roorhy ho tum tum ko kais manaoon piya” seems to be very
romantic and love song. This song largely reflects traditional patriarchal
notions of gender in our society.
roothay
ho tum, tumko kaise manaoon piya...
bolo na .. bolo na
roothay ho tum, tumko kaise manaoon piya...
bolo na .. bolo na
In these starting lines of the song it seems as a women is making her husband to leave his anger and forgive her. Apparently it seems as she has mistaken something and now feeling sorry for her attitude but through these lines of song is presenting stereotypical masculinity that is powerful, authoritative and dominant and dissimilar to women who are presented as submissive, sensitive and domesticated.
bolo na .. bolo na
roothay ho tum, tumko kaise manaoon piya...
bolo na .. bolo na
In these starting lines of the song it seems as a women is making her husband to leave his anger and forgive her. Apparently it seems as she has mistaken something and now feeling sorry for her attitude but through these lines of song is presenting stereotypical masculinity that is powerful, authoritative and dominant and dissimilar to women who are presented as submissive, sensitive and domesticated.
Repetition of
these lines kaise manaoon piya shows
that it is necessary for her to make her husband because her whole life is dependent on him and without him her life would
be meaningless. Husband is the one upon whom her life is dependent because men
have higher income and greater access to the economy, they are said to be
dominant and superior in our society.
Through the
starting lines of the song it seems as the man is angry and is showing his
attitude which shows that in our society men’s are expected to be “real men”
who should act in specific way that they should remain in self control and
should treat women in specific way. Women In our society expected to be
sensitive, submissive, non-competitive, sweet- natured and dependent.
In these lines women think in terms of
closeness and support, she is struggling to preserve intimacy. Men is more concerning with his status, and remain to
focus on more and more of his independence .women seems to be dependent on him
and without him she may loss every thing in his life
khushboo
ban ke aoooon... sansoon main bass jaoooon..
kaise tumko manaoooon...
roothay ho tum, tumko kaise manaoon piya...
bolo na .. bolo na
kaise tumko manaoooon...
roothay ho tum, tumko kaise manaoon piya...
bolo na .. bolo na
In these lines women want to do
everything for her husband. This shows that the men’s companionship for women
is compulsory at any cost. Husband is the only one upon whom her whole life is
dependent. He is superior powerful and influential and without a men she will
not be given any importance in a society. Men in our society also considered to
be protective, chivalrous women are
usua lly perceived by men.words “khushboo
ban ke aoooon shws that men” are shows
that for men women are pleasureable
tum
binn piya jiya mora naahi laagay..
tarpay hai tarsay hai sari raat jagay..
mano gay kaise piya yeh bata do.
roothay ho tum, tumko kaise manaoon piya...
bolo na .. bolo na
tarpay hai tarsay hai sari raat jagay..
mano gay kaise piya yeh bata do.
roothay ho tum, tumko kaise manaoon piya...
bolo na .. bolo na
These lines show
that the men tend to be strong, powerful and controlling. Women are totally depending on him she could
not spend her life without him. She says “tum binn piya jiya mora
naahi laagay” which shows her pure love and dependency upon him. We
are taught from our childhood that a male can only be the head of the family
and he should have a control over it. The mothers taught them that you will be
the earner for us in the future, so with the time being he becomes dominant and
more dominant. So it’s actually the whole ritual and value system that has an
effect on the upbringing of males. Moreover, men got influence from his peers
and the happenings around him that how man is more influential than female.
Males tends to be assertive, takes
the initiative, independent, competitive and ambitious Men also have the decision making power women are there just to support the decision or give there
suggestions, “mano gay kaise piya yeh bata do”
which shows that women are less assertive and men have self confidence in
taking decision because at the end it’s the male choice to tell how he should be
treated.
jal
jal ke marr jaoon aise na saza do..
ansoon hain ankhoon main..
halchal hai sansoon main..
tumhee ko chahooon mein...
ansoon hain ankhoon main..
halchal hai sansoon main..
tumhee ko chahooon mein...
In our society,
husband is expected to be the only protector and savior of a wife after her
marriage. In this song man’s worth for a wife is presented If her husband will
leave her life will nothing for her more than punishment. These words “jal
jal ke marr jaoon” show that her
life would be full of depression and
pains without him. So a husband considered himself superior because of the social
values given by the society. Wife is also shown as emotional and sensitive
“ansoon hain ankhoon main” and male is more strong determined and
less emotional that he is never paying attention towards her wife who is even
weeping for him.
daikho
piya aise to na tarpao..
jis dil main rehte ho ussko na dukhao....
kia main karoon piya mujeh yeh bata do..
tumkko mere sarr ki kasam ab to muskura do
jis dil main rehte ho ussko na dukhao....
kia main karoon piya mujeh yeh bata do..
tumkko mere sarr ki kasam ab to muskura do
In these lines
women shows her true love, emotions and sincerity want to convince her husband
which shows that for a husband wife loyalty is very important .a wife is never
be expected to be unfaithful
warna
main ro doongi..
phir na kabhi boloongi..
apni jaaan dedoongi..
phir na kabhi boloongi..
apni jaaan dedoongi..
These words shows wife is sensitive and could not face
difficulties and always remain confuse in even every little matter of life as
wife in these lines says “apni jaaan dedoongi” which
shows that she can sacrifice her whole life for her husband On the other hand men try to solve the problems and try
to get through the different ways from which a matter could be easily resolve
rather becoming confuse or losing everything. This shows that men are more
reasonable rational while handling with problems.
The media plays
an important role both in shaping and reflecting gender roles
and stereotypes. In contemporary from female, the men's roles in the media have
been quiet constant in their representation of the male gender in the films and
songs by which they are depicted. Just like in past, the male roles have
usually been in the lead thus the representation of the men are that of their
leadership qualities due to them being the stronger more dominant sex they are
represented as hero's, villains and geniuses who must protect the weak and
fragile public which usually is a female character.
References:
Ø
http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html
Ø
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan
Ø
http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/pakistan/SOCIETY.html
Ø
http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/men_and_masculinity/masculinity_defining.cf
Ø
http://www.amazon.com/Sex-Revolts-Gender-Rebellion-RockNRoll/dp/product-description/067480273X/ref=dp_proddesc_0/179-4875052-3148766?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books
Ø
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/elb9501.html
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